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The Respiratory System Function Notes pdf

By Deepak On May 18, 2023

The Respiratory System Function Notes pdf

Hello Aspirants,

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Here are some key points about the function of the respiratory system:

Breathing and Gas Exchange:

The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the process of breathing, which involves the intake of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide.

Inhalation: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest cavity to expand. This results in the inhalation of air into the lungs.

Exhalation: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to contract. This results in the exhalation of air from the lungs.

Organs of the Respiratory System:

Nose and Nasal Cavities: Air enters the respiratory system through the nostrils and passes through the nasal cavities, where it is warmed, filtered, and humidified.

Pharynx: The throat, which serves as a common passage for air and food.

Larynx: The voice box, which contains vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound.

Trachea: The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the bronchi.

Bronchi and Bronchioles: The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles, which further divide into tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Lungs: The main organs of respiration that house the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli:

The alveoli are tiny, thin-walled sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases occurs.

Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses across the walls of the alveoli and into the capillaries, where it binds to red blood cells. Carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.

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The Respiratory System Function Notes

Anatomy of the Respiratory System and Function

The human respiratory system comprised of a pair of nostrils openings out above the upper lips.

The nasal passage starts from the nostrils ends in the nasal chamber.

This passage opens into the pharynx. It is the common passage for food and air and connected with the mouth and nose.

This pharynx connected with trachea via Larynx.

Larynx or soundbox, consist of two vocal cords, is a cartilaginous box that is responsible for the sound production.

During the time of swallowing glottis is covered by the epiglottis, a thin elastic cartilaginous flap and it prevents the entry of food particles into the larynx.

Trachea, a straight tube-like structure extending up to the middle of the thoracic cavity.

This trachea then divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary bronchi.

Each bronchus then farther divided into repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary.

Those tertiary bronchi then finally ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles.

Many incomplete cartilaginous rings are present in the passage between the trachea and the initial bronchioles to support the structure.

Alveoli, a very thin, irregular-walled, and vascularized sac-like structures are present at the end of each terminal bronchioles.

The branching network of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli is comprising of the lungs.

Humans have two lungs, the left, and the right lung.

Both are covered by a double-layered membrane, called Pleura.

Between the double layer membranes, a jelly-like fluid is also present to lower the friction on the lung-surface.

There are two main part in the human respiratory system;

The conducting part: From the external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles. It transports the atmospheric air to the alveoli, removes the foreign particles, humidifies the air, and brings the air to body temperature.

The exchange part: The alveoli and their ducts. In this part O2 and CO2 actual diffused between blood and atmospheric air take place.

The lungs are situated in the air-tight chamber known as the thoracic chamber.

The vertebral column is present in the back or dorsal position of the thoracic chamber and the sternum is present on the front side, the ribs formed the lateral walls and on the lower side, it is guarded by the dome-shaped diaphragm, a muscular membrane.

Respiration involves the following steps:

Pulmonary ventilation or Breathing by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.

Across alveolar membrane diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2).

Transport of gases by the blood.

O2 and CO2 diffused between blood and tissues.

Utilization of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions like cellular respiration and release of CO2 as a waste product.

Some Important points:

The transport of oxygen by blood takes place with the help of Erythrocytes blood cells

On the average, percentage of the human body has the element of oxygen is 65%

The lungs are covered by a membrane is called Pleura.

Just born baby has the respiratory rate as 32 times per minute.

In men, the vocal cords are about 20mm long.

In women, vocal cords are 5mm shorter than vocal cords in men.

In humans, the sound is produced by the Larynx.

Respiration involves the following steps:

 Pulmonary ventilation or Breathing by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.

 Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.

 Transport of gases by the blood.

 Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.

 Utilization of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions like cellular respiration and release of CO2 as a waste product.

Some Important Questions:

Q-1. The transport of oxygen by blood takes place with the help of–

(A) Erythrocytes (B) Thrombocytes

Q-2. On the average, what percentage of human body has the element of oxygen?

(A) 65 (B) 25 (C) 10 (D) 5

Q-3. How many times does the heart beat approximately in a minute in humans?

(A) 25 times (B) 30 times

Q-4. Mycoplasma is associated with a disease that affects the organs of–

(A) Respiration (B) Excretion

Q-5. Anaerobic respiration refers to which of the following?

(A) Respiration without Oxygen (B) Respiration with Oxygen

Q-6. Respiration process requires–

(A) Heat (B) Water

Q-7. Respiration is–

(A) Oxidation (B) Reduction

Q-8. Lungs are the primary organs of _________.

(A) Digestion (B) Constipation

Q-9. White lung disease is prevalent among the workers of:

(A) Paper industry (B) Cement industry

Q-10. The membrane covering the lungs is a

(A) Pleura (B) Pericardium

Q-11. Alveoli is related to which of the following system of human body?

(A) Circulatory system (B) Excretory system

Q-12. Just born baby has the respiratory rate as

(A) 32 times/minute (B) 26 times/minute

Q-13. The vocal cords in men are about _______ long.

(A) 10 mm (B) 20 mm (C) 30 mm (D) 40 mm

Q-14. Vocal chords in women are _______________ than vocal chords in men.

(A) 5mm shorter (B) 15mm shorter

Q-15. In humans, the sound is produced by the________.

(A) Oesophagus (B) Larynx

Transport of Gases:

Oxygen-rich blood is carried from the lungs to the heart, where it is pumped to various body tissues through arteries.

In the tissues, oxygen is released from the red blood cells and diffuses into the cells for cellular respiration.

Carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses into the bloodstream and is transported back to the lungs to be exhaled.

Regulation of Breathing:

Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center in the brain, which responds to the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the body.

The brain signals the respiratory muscles to adjust the rate and depth of breathing to maintain a balance of gases in the body.

Other Functions:

The respiratory system helps regulate body temperature and pH levels.

It also plays a role in the sense of smell through olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.

The efficient functioning of the respiratory system is vital for the supply of oxygen to the body’s cells and the removal of carbon dioxide, contributing to overall health and well-being.

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